The phrases for the peace inflicted upon the Spanish kingdoms within the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) were harsh, as France annexed Northern Catalonia. The French presence in Africa began in Senegal in 1626, although formal colonies and trading posts were not established until 1659 with the founding of Saint-Louis. The primary French settlement of Madagascar started in 1642 with the institution of Fort Dauphin. Richelieu died in 1642 and was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, whereas Louis XIII died one 12 months later and was succeeded by Louis XIV. Reviving the Special name, it was one of three “second-wave” GM compacts — the Buick-Olds-Pontiac fashions that followed Chevy’s Corvair (and borrowed some of its physique engineering). The Wars of Religion culminated within the War of the Three Henrys (1584-98), at the top of which bodyguards of the King Henry III assassinated Henry de Guise, leader of the Spanish-backed Catholic league, in December 1588. In revenge, a priest assassinated Henry III in 1589. This led to the ascension of the Huguenot Henry IV; with a purpose to convey peace to a rustic beset by religious and succession wars, he transformed to Catholicism.

Louis XIV, known because the “Sun King”, reigned over France from 1643 until 1715. Louis continued his predecessors’ work of creating a centralized state governed from Paris, sought to eradicate remnants of feudalism in France, and subjugated and weakened the aristocracy. King Henry II died in 1559 in a jousting tournament; he was succeeded in turn by his three sons, each of whom assumed the throne as minors or were weak, ineffectual rulers. France what month was it 7 months ago today hit by civil unrest identified as the Fronde which in turn evolved into the Franco-Spanish War in 1653. Louis II de Bourbon joined the Spanish army this time, but suffered a severe defeat at Dunkirk (1658) by Henry de la Tour d’Auvergne. With the Dutch Republic they formed the Triple Alliance to test Louis XIV’s growth. The Dutch Admiral Michiel de Ruyter inflicted a couple of strategic defeats on the Anglo-French naval alliance and pressured England to retire from the warfare in 1674. Because the Netherlands could not resist indefinitely, it agreed to peace in the Treaties of Nijmegen, in line with which France would annex France-Comté and purchase further concessions in the Spanish Netherlands. France would soon be involved in one other struggle, the War of the Grand Alliance.

The War of the Reunions broke out (1683-84), and once more Spain, with its ally the Holy Roman Empire, was defeated. In 1559, Henry II of France signed (with the approval of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor) two treaties (Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis): one with Elizabeth I of England and one with Philip II of Spain. The religious conflicts that plagued France also ravaged the Habsburg-led Holy Roman Empire. The following Peace of Alais (1629) confirmed religious freedom but dismantled the Protestant military defences. Renewed Catholic response – headed by the powerful Francis, Duke of Guise – led to a massacre of Huguenots at Vassy in 1562, beginning the first of the French Wars of Religion, during which English, German, and Spanish forces intervened on the side of rival Protestant (“Huguenot”) and Catholic forces. Within the face of persecution, Huguenots dispersed broadly all through Europe and America. This time the theatre was not solely in Europe but also in North America.

In 1699, French territorial claims in North America expanded still further, with the foundation of Louisiana. The Treaty of Ryswick in 1697 confirmed French sovereignty over Alsace, yet rejected its claims to Luxembourg. Over time, Louis XIV compelled many members of the nobility, particularly the noble elite, to inhabit Versailles. With buyers quick deserting massive coupes for upscale sport-utility autos (SUVs) and luxurious import-brand sedans, Riviera gross sales dropped to only over 18,000 for ’96, inched as much as virtually 19,000 for ’97, then plunged to 10,953 for ’98. We did, after which we decided to use Rust. Jacques Cartier was one among the great explorers who ventured deep into American territories during the 16th century. The statue was subsequently melted down and shaped into greater than 42,000 musket balls for the fledgling American military. Religious conflicts therefore resumed underneath Louis XIII when Richelieu forced Protestants to disarm their military and fortresses. The French forces gained a decisive victory at Rocroi (1643), and the Spanish military was decimated; the Tercio was damaged.

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